1st–2nd centuries
Docetism
Jesus only seemed to possess a real human body; His humanity and suffering were appearances.
The Central Error
It denies the true incarnation, bodily suffering, death, and resurrection of Jesus.
Historic Response
Rejected by apostolic and early catholic Christianity as contrary to the real incarnation.
Modern Echoes
Hyper-spiritual teaching that treats Jesus’ humanity, suffering, death, or resurrection as merely symbolic.